ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTISM AND CULT-RELATED VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA

Abstract

Cultism and cult-related violence have become major security, social, and developmental challenges in Nigeria, particularly within tertiary institutions and urban communities. This paper examines the prevalence, factors, and effects of cultism and cult-related violence in Nigeria while proposing strategic measures for addressing the problem. Drawing from secondary data sources including academic journals, government reports, and documented cases, the study employs a quantitative review of existing literature supported by the anomie/strain theory as its theoretical framework. Findings reveal that cultism, which began as campus fraternities in the 1950s, has evolved into violent criminal networks involved in armed robbery, political thuggery, assassinations, and community terror. The factors influencing cultism include poverty, unemployment, peer group pressure, weak parental supervision, poor campus security, political patronage, the rise of ethnic militias, and the glorification of violence in media and popular culture. The paper also identifies the severe effects of cultism on education, public security, socio-economic development, politics, and the psychological wellbeing of citizens. Disruptions of academic calendars, increased violent crime rates, electoral violence, economic losses, and widespread trauma are among the most pressing consequences. In response, the paper advocates for a holistic, multi-sectoral approach involving law enforcement reforms, educational sector improvements, youth employment initiatives, community engagement programmes, legislative strengthening, and an end to political patronage of cult groups. The paper concludes that unless urgent, coordinated, and sustained interventions are implemented, cultism will continue to undermine Nigeria’s security, democratic process, and human development potential.