Journal of Renewable Agricultural Technology Research
Journal of Renewable Agricultural Technology Research is a scholarly publication dedicated to advancing research in the field of agriculture and renewable technologies. This peer-reviewed journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and practitioners to contribute to the dynamic fields of sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, and innovative technologies in farming practices. Encompassing a broad range of topics such as agroecology, farming, renewable energy applications in agriculture, and other agriculture-related fields, the journal encourages interdisciplinary approaches to address the challenges and opportunities in the agriculture sector. As an open-access journal, it promotes the accessibility of valuable research findings to a global audience. eISSN: 3027-0197 ISSN: 3027-0383
Sub-Sahara African Academic Publications
PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES OF NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE DELIVERY
Agricultural extension which should play a critical role of educating farmers on modern farming techniques for improved productivity suffered neglect over the years by successive administrations. The paper reviewed practices and challenges of Nigeria’s agricultural extension service delivery. The data which was collected from secondary sources such as journals, conference proceedings and other related publications were systematically reviewed. The study found that Nigeria’s extension service is delivered through both public and private systems. Some of the challenges bedeviling Nigeria’s agricultural extension service delivery are inadequate funding, poor coordination between public and private extension service, no deliberate extension policy, bureaucracy, among others. The study concluded a well-developed extension policy backed with good funding roadmap, proper coordination, and adequate, well-trained and motivated workforce is needed for effective extension service delivery. It is recommended that government should prioritize increased budget allocations for agricultural extension service and develop capacity-building initiatives for extension workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 CHEKENE M. B., SHEHU, J. F. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF SOIL FERTILITY STATUS FOR PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br,) PRODUCTION OF TEACHING AND RESEARCH FARM, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, MONGUNO
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility status of teaching and research farm of Federal Polytechnic Monguno (12°40'N, 13°36'E, 354m above sea level), for Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br,) Production. A systematic grid sampling approach was used to collect composite soil samples from the study site during the 2025 dry season. Samples were analyzed at the Soil Chemistry Laboratory of the Department of Soil Sciences, University of Maiduguri for physico-chemical properties using standard laboratory procedures. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics using STATISTIX 10.0 analytical software. Relationships between soil properties were determined using Pearson correlation analysis. Fertility parameters were interpreted according to critical levels for millet production in semi-arid tropical regions. Results shows that the soil was sandy loam, with neutral pH (6.67) and non-saline (EC = 0.22). Low concentration of available phosphorus (6.398) and total nitrogen (1.102 g/kg) were observed. Organic carbon (3.56 g/kg) likewise the organic matter (6.236 g/kg) were extremely low. The C:N ratio (3.244) and sodium ion concentration (0.094 cmol(+)/kg Soil) were low, while calcium was moderate. Potassium was low (0.234 cmol(+)/kg Soil) while magnesium was very high. The soil had a moderate CEC and a very high PBS. Strong correlations exist between some essential nutrients and pH, EC, Na, Base saturation and percentage clay fractions. Nitrogen in the study area was observed to be inversely related with silt (r = -0.915). Phosphorus availability was largely determined by clay (r = 0.995), pH (r = 0.896), and EC (r = 0.999). A very strong negative correlation (r = -0.964) was observed between sand fraction and available P. The coefficient of variation (CV) values indicated moderate variability for most parameters. In conclusion, that the soil has the potential to support millet production, though, the evaluation showed that most of the essential nutrients needed for adequate millet production are low in concentration. It is therefore, recommended that, successful millet production at the study location will require integrated soil fertility management strategies that addresses multiple deficiencies while considering the soil's moderate nutrient retention capacity.
Copyright (c) 2025 ALI KOLE HASSAN, MUSTAPHA IBRAHIM KOLOMI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF EXTRACTED SISAL LEAVES FIBER (Agave sisalana) FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD PACKAGING APPLICATIONS
This paper evaluates some physical and chemical properties of extracted sisal hemp leaves fiber for its possible utilization in food packaging applications. The fiber was extracted from Agave sisalana leaves obtained locally in a government forest reserves Area, Adamawa state, Nigeria using water retting extraction procedure. Studies were carried out on its physical and chemical properties relevant to food packaging applications. The parameters evaluated were Moisture absorption ranging from (3.00 % to 3.17 %), density ranging from (0.610 g/cm3 to 3.167 g/cm3), fiber diameter which was found to range between (1.933 µm to 2.50 µm), lumen width ranged between (1.00 µm to 1.50 µm), from a wall thickness of (0.50 µm. Proximate analysis was carried out for cellulose content, hemicelluloses, lignin and ash content which was found to range between 70.00 % to 83.33 %, 16.67 % to 23.33 %, 55.00 % to 75.00 % and 30.00 % to 30.50 % respectively. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to determine significantly different means, and the (ANOVA) table and bar chart for chemical compositions were constructed from which observations, conclusions and recommendations were made. The results show that agave sisalana leaves fiber were characterized by low density, high cellulose content, and low moisture absorbency in comparison with other leave fibers in its category. Therefore, it is recommended for possible utilization in pulp and paper making, food packaging containers, textile, and automobile products such as brake parts, and car interior.
Copyright (c) 2025 HUSSAINI, MUSA SULEIMAN, GABI, NDANA MUHAMMAD, ABDULHAMID, YAHYA, AYAGI, MUHAMMAD HADI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FARMERS POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN GANYE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Ganye Local Government Area (LGA) in Adamawa State, Nigeria, is an important agricultural zone with substantial production of fruits and vegetables. Despite this potential, postharvest losses remain a significant barrier to food security and economic growth. Postharvest handling is carried out only after the harvest of fruits and vegetables. Proper handling practices like cleaning, sorting and grading, packaging, storage, and transportation leads to minimization of loss. Also, various techniques like the application of modified atmosphere packaging help in reducing the activity of microorganisms and increasing shelf life. The data for the study was collected from different relevant sources. Losses in fruits and vegetables mainly occur due to direct packaging without removal of field heat, harvesting at an improper stage of maturity, etc. while losses in fruits and vegetables mainly occur due to improper methods of harvest, packaging, etc. Post-harvest practices and losses of fruits and vegetables are considered to be a major problem in the surveyed area. Agricultural extension agents should organize training on post-harvest practices and loss in order to increase their perception towards post harvest loss and to minimize fruits wastages in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as using Statistical Analysis for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. The study revealed that the majority of respondents 91(68.9%) are male, 123(93.1%) are between the age range of 31-60 years, 82(62.1%) are married, 79(59.8%) store mango for the short period of time to resale to business men and women while 27(20.4%) store tomatoes and pepper to sell during the dry and rainy seasons. The study also revealed that 86(65.1%) of the respondents adopted pot in pot, air drying method of preservation, 46(34.9%) use refrigerator and cold room method of preservation, 116(90.8%) of the respondents store processed products because of the little knowledge of fruits and vegetables preservation method, 16(12.1%) of the respondent’s sale their products direct to wholesaler without storage, 31(23.5%) of the respondents prefer to cultivate fruits and vegetables and sell them off during harvesting. The study concludes that mitigating postharvest losses in Ganye requires coordinated interventions by government agencies, private sector actors, and local communities. Enhancing postharvest practices holds the key to reducing waste, improving livelihoods, and unlocking the full agricultural potential of the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 ISMAILA HASSAN, LADI HAMMANDIKKO, ABDULLAHI ABBAS ABUBAKAR, GRADDER ANDRAWUS AGWANDA, ENOCK DASHU, SARATU C. VANKE (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF RURAL COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ON FARMING HOUSEHOLDS’ ASSISTANCE IN MOKWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
The study was undertaken to assess the rural cooperative societies on farming households’ assistance in Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedures and purposive selection were used to select a sample size of one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the selected respondents. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study revealed that the mean age of the respondents in the study area was 38 years, male, married and 77% were educated ranging from primary, secondary and tertiary education. The mean household size was 10 persons. More than half (53%) were full-time farmers with the mean of 16 years as farming experience. The mean farm size was 6 hectares acquired from Government allocation. The farmers’ mean annual income was N 33,110:00 K. The result also revealed that 67% of the respondents were aware of cooperative societies. The participation in cooperative activities indicates that 57% of the respondents participated every month, 14% every week, 11% every day and 18% every year. The result further indicates that cooperative society’s assistance to the farmers includes cash, farm inputs, farm implements and training. The mean cash assistance received was N 32,490:00 K. The farm inputs received were: fertilizer, improved seeds, pesticides and herbicides. The farm implements received were: tractor, planter, harvester, sprayers and storage facilities. The training programs received were nursery bed demonstration, seeds planting, fertilizer application, herbicides application, land preparation method, storage method, climate change adaptation practices and crop harvesting methods. The constraints to farmers’ participation in rural cooperative societies were: lack of trust, lack of funds, lack of Government supports and lack of extension services. Cooperative societies should improve on their leadership quality through transparency to build trust and attract more members, Cooperative societies should provide financial supports to their members through Government and commercial banks, Government should provide extension service stations to train farmers and share information on modern farming techniques were offered as recommendations.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CYBER SECURITY AND THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURAL FOOD INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH SOUTH NIGERIA
I n r e c e n t d e c a d e s , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l f o o d s e c t o r h a s u n d e r g o n e r a p i d transformations in food production and distribution. The tangible value of the farm food sector's activities has diminished, but the value of intangibles — data, information, insights — has increased. The need for data protection and security escalates in rela tion to the system's integrity as precision agriculture becomes prevalent, utilizing global positioning systems and RFIDs to enhance traceability a n d s a f e t y . T h e i n d u s t r y ' s a d v a n c e m e n t o v e r t h e g e n e r a l e c o n o m y i n t h e implementation of autonomous robots and artificial intelligence indicates that the critical valuation within the sector will be on data generation, organization, analytics, and machine learning. This study is an exploratory endeavor aimed at understanding the potential risks of infiltrating the agricultural food sector. It examines the nature, characteristics, and framework of these cybersecurity risks, h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e s k i l l s a n d r e s o u r c e s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e i n d u s t r y t o c o n t i n u e delivering value to its consumers while maintaining competitiveness . All firms are progressively facing significant challenges from cyber security breaches. The a g r i c u l t u r a l f o o d b u s i n e s s i s a l s o s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e h a z a r d s i t p r e s e n t s. Preparation is crucial to ensure the industry's future.
Data Protection and Precision Agriculture
PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENTS AND STORAGE MEDIA ON SEED EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF SOURSOP (Annona muricata Lin) WITHIN SIXTY DAYS AFTER EMERGENCE
Experiment was conducted to investigate the response of different pre – germination treatments and storage media on seed emergence and growth of soursop (Annona muricata Lin) within sixty days after emergence. The experiment was conducted in a 5 x 5 factorial layouts using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), replicated three times. These treatments were scarification of seeds by filling (SF), scarification of seeds by filling followed by soaking of seeds for three days in cold water (SS), soaking of seeds for three days in cold water (CW), soaking of seeds in a 50 OC hot water for 10 minutes followed by soaking of seeds for three days in cold water (HC) and without treatment (Control). The storage media used were plastic container, glass bottle, paper envelope, earthen pot and aluminum foil. The perimeters measured were percentage emergence, seedling height, number of leaves and leaf area. The data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level. The result showed that seeds that were scarified by filling and soaked in water for three days exercised superiority over others in all the parameters measured. This was followed by seeds soaked in a 50 OC hot water for 10 minutes and later soaked seeds for three days in cold water. The result of response of different storage media on seed emergence and growth of soursop showed that plants that were stored in earthen pot had higher percentage of seed emergence, followed by paper envelope, while the least was glass bottle in all the parameters measured. It is therefore, suggested that farmers who wish to cultivate soursop in large quantity should apply these two seed treatments to break the seed dormancy and for quick and effective germination.
IDENTIFICATION AND UTILIZATION OF ETHNO VETERINARY PLANT SPECIES IN BAUCHI STATE
With the help of questionnaires, Ethno Veterinary species and their medicinal values in addition to their Relative abundance scale of occurrence were identified from nine randomly selected Local Government Areas of Bauchi State. The study reveals that Seventeen (17) plant species(trees, shrubs and herbs) from Eleven (11) Botanical families are being used to cure animals health challenges: Trapanosomiasis, worms and Ectoparasites, Diarrhea, Liver problem, Cough, Bloat, Lumpy Skin Diseases and, Foot and Mouth diseases. Fabaceae was most represented by three (3) species. Others were three families represented by two species each. Combretaceae was represented by Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia laxiflora, Ceasalpiniaceae was represented by Detarium Macrocarpum and Isoberlinia doka while Cucurbitaceae was represented by Mormordica foetida and Mormordica charantia. The families of Anonaceae, Zingiberaceae, Burseraceae, Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae and Olacaceae were represented by a species each. Parts of the trees being used to prepare the animals’ herbal medicine are leaf, bark, root and fruit. The results also show that out of the seventeen (17) medicinal species identified, 08 are rare, 04 are occasional, 03 are frequent, and only one was abundant and very abundant respectively in Bauchi State. Establishment of more plantations of medicinal species and control grazing were recommended among others.
BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF Thaumatococcus daniellii METHANOLIC EXTRACT AGAINST FUNGI ISOLATES OF MAIZE
The pulverized dried leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii was extracted with methanol. The extract was examined for its antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity. This was measured against that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) which serves as the standard. The results show that the radical scavenging property of BHT was concentration-dependent whereas, that of T. daniellii varied until the highest concentration. The result of the antimicrobial assay of the two fungal isolates of maize- Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum indicate that T. daniellii extract has inhibitory activity against the organisms. At minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 mg/ml, the plant extract showed a higher activity on the organisms than the standard, itraconazole. The molecular docking was done using the target enzyme, lanosterol-14α-demethylase. Daidzein, a constituent of the plant extract has a higher binding affinity (-11.5 kcal/mol) in comparison to the standard ligand, itraconazole (-11.2 kcal/mol). The outcome of this study show that Daidzein, a phytoconstituent in the T. daniellii methanolic extract have the ability to inhibit key enzyme involved in microbial growth. This indicates that the plant has a great potential for use in post-harvest management of maize molds.
EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT CONTENT OF POULTRY DROP IN CULTIVATION OF MAIZE USING 33 FACTORIAL DESIGN
This research study investigates the application of a factorial design to evaluate and determine the effect of poultry manure on maize yield. Secondary data was collected for the study which was derived from the primary source through experimentation and observation method. The data was mainly on maize yield obtained from the record of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Apata, Ibadan. Three factors were examined which are Potassium, Phosphate and Chemical Phosphate. Each of the factors were grouped into three levels namely K1K2K3, for potassium, P1P2P3, for Phosphate and Single super phosphate, Single solute rock phosphate, Ogrum rock phosphate for chemical phosphate. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. At 5% significant level, result reveals that there is no significant difference in the Potassium, Phosphate and chemical phosphate effect on the yield of maize. Also, the interaction between two factors interaction and three factors interaction is insignificant.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE ON ECOSYSTEM IN BIU, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
Agriculture produces much more than just crops. Agricultural practices have impact on a wide range of ecosystem services, including water quality, pollination, nutrient cycling, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. In turn, ecosystem services affect agricultural productivity. Understanding the contribution of various agricultural practices to the range of ecosystem services would help inform choices about the most beneficial agricultural practices. Agriculture is one of the main drivers of environmental change. It is the source of many changes in land use and the origin of a broad range of pollutants. The relationship between agricultural practices and impact on ecosystem services is complex. Ecosystems deliver multiple types of services across widely varying spatial scales, so the patterns of agricultural use across many different scales also matter. Patterns of agricultural use affect the quantity and quality of services that they deliver. For example, one side Shifting cultivation, a primitive type of agriculture practiced in Biu, Borno State, Nigeria and another side, modern agriculture in so-called green revolution states of north-western In Biu, Borno State, Nigeria both have their devastating and far-reaching consequences in degrading the environment and ecosystem services. Increasing food demands for burgeoning population has restricted the agriculture itself as an ecosystem providing mainly provisioning services for human well being at the cost of degradation of other services. Water scarcity, nutrient overloading, biodiversity loss, ocean over exploitation, climate change and habitat change are the major interconnected trends linked with agricultural practices to affect global ecosystems. Based on above-mentioned discussion, it can be concluded that in meeting demands and raising production, a significant number of ecosystems have been degraded. To co-create a sustainable future, we need to devise adequate means to value our natural assets and resources. This requires substantial changes in policy and practice of our agriculture.
ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) VARIETIES IN VARYING INTER-ROW SPACINGS AND NITROGEN LEVELS UNDER IRRIGATED CONDITIONS IN NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA
A field experiment was conducted over two successive cropping seasons, 2021/2022 and 2022/2023, at the National Root Crop Research Institute outstation in Vom, located in the Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State (Latitude 9º56' N, Longitude 8°53' E) at an altitude of 1,217 meters. The primary aim was to evaluate the effects of various barley genotypes, inter-row spacing, and nitrogen application rates on barley production. The study involved three barley genotypes (Traveler, Zhana, and Arupo’s), four nitrogen levels (0, 80, 100, and 120 kg N/ha), and three inter-row spacing configurations (20, 30, and 40 cm), organized in a split-split plot design with three replications. Results indicated that the control group exhibited significantly earlier heading days (49.00 days) in the 2021/2022 season and 49.30 days with 80 kg N/ha in 2022/2023. In contrast, the treatments with 120 kg N/ha showed delayed heading in both years. Notably, the 120 kg N/ha and control treatments achieved earlier flowering days at the 40 cm inter-row spacing in both growing seasons. Among the genotypes, Arupo’s recorded the highest grain yields of 1,251.0 kg/ha in 2021/22 and 1,876.4 kg/ha in 2022/23, achieved with 120 kg N/ha at 20 cm inter-row spacing. The parameters of days to heading, flowering, physiological maturity, and grain yield showed significant interactions concerning nitrogen levels and spacing, as well as between nitrogen and variety, and spacing and variety across the two seasons. In conclusion, the findings demonstrated that the genotype Arupo’s was the earliest to reach heading, flowering, and maturity, and produced the highest grain yield at a spacing of 20 cm and a nitrogen level of 120 kg N/ha. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers utilize the Arupo’s genotype, maintain a 20 cm inter-row spacing, and apply 120 kg N/ha for optimal barley production.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF FARMERS-HERDSMEN CONFLICTS ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed causes and effects of farmers-herdsmen conflicts on maize production in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 180 maize farmers and herdsmen that were proportionately drawn from three (3) zones of the study area. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire and focused group discussion, data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result show that pooled percent 36.7% of respondents fell within the age bracket of 41-50 years. Majority pooled (96.7%) were males and 85.0% of them were married. The result revealed that pooled 36.7% the respondent had household size between 7-9 persons. Majority pooled (61.1%) of the respondent had non-formal education, while, a considerable number pooled (42.2%) of the respondents had farming/grazing experience. The results further revealed that major causes of farmers-herdsmen conflict were crops damage by cattle ( ), encroachment into cattle tracks , lack of access to water points , pollution of water points , indiscriminate bush burning , climate change , desertification and corruption . The results also shows that the major effects of conflicts on maize production were loss of maize crop 81.1%, reduction in crop yield 76.7%, displacement of farmers 94.4%, increased tension within the farming communities 90.0%, increased cost of production 100%, loss of farm inputs 76.7% and food insecurity 100%. The result further revealed the major institution involved in managing conflicts in which the effective ones were police , State government , Traditional rulers , Miyetti Allah cattle breeders association and community leaders . The study concluded that crop damage by cattle, encroachment into cattle tracks, lack of access to water points, pollution of water points and indiscriminate bush burning, cattle rustling, climate change, desertification and corruption were the major causes of conflict in the study area. The study therefore, recommended Government at all levels should explore better involvement of indigenous resource user groups in policies relating to natural resource management and utilization, Governments and communities should jointly cooperate to improve the security situation around the villages with a view to tackling the menace of cattle rustling.
EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED UPLAND RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CULTIVARS UNDER A CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN IGBOORA, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
A field trial was conducted at Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora to evaluate the growth and yield performance of selected NERICA rice cultivars. Three rice cultivars (NERICA 7, NERICA 8 and NERICA 10) were selected for the study. A randomized complete block design was used to arrange the cultivars. The rice cultivars were planted and evaluated for growth and yield parameters. Data collected were: plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, number of days to 50% flowering, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle and weight of grain per plant. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance, while the treatment means were separated by Least Significant different at 5% level of probability. The rice cultivars showed significant differences in all the parameters understudied. NERICA 7 produced the highest weight of grain (3.6 g), followed by NERICA 10 (3.1 g), while NERICA 6 produced the lowest significant grain weight (2.5 g). However, NERICA 10 had the shortest number of days to 50% flowering, while NERICA 7 had the longest number of days to flower. The growth and yield differences observed on all the parameters understudied were due to inherent genotypic composition. However, all the cultivars can be cultivated in the study area and were recommended for commercial production to rice farmers.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING AND STATISTICAL METHODS FOR SECURE INTRANET-BASED COMPUTER-BASED TESTING ENVIRONMENTS
Computer-Based Testing (CBT) systems have become increasingly prevalent in educational and professional settings, offering advantages in efficiency and scalability. However, these systems are vulnerable to a range of security threats, including unauthorized access, data breaches, and cheating. Traditional security measures, while effective to some extent, are often insufficient to address the dynamic and sophisticated nature of these threats. This paper presents a novel framework that integrates machine learning and statistical methods to enhance the security and integrity of intranet-based CBT environments. The proposed framework leverages machine learning algorithms for real-time anomaly detection and threat prediction, coupled with statistical models for continuous monitoring and risk assessment. The integration of these techniques enables the system to identify and respond to security breaches more effectively than conventional approaches. A case study is presented, demonstrating the application of the framework in a real-world CBT system. The results show significant improvements in detecting and mitigating security threats, thereby ensuring the reliability of the testing process. Key performance indicators, including detection accuracy and response time, are analyzed to evaluate the framework’s effectiveness. The findings highlight the potential of combining machine learning with statistical methods to create a robust and adaptive security solution for CBT systems. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to secure digital assessment environments, providing a foundation for future advancements in the field.
AI-POWERED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATION
Agriculture remains a key sector in Nigeria’s economy, yet it faces significant challenges, including erratic rainfall, water scarcity, and unreliable energy supplies. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered smart irrigation systems with solar energy offers a sustainable solution to these challenges by optimizing water usage, reducing dependence on non-renewable energy, and improving overall agricultural productivity. This study explores the design, implementation, and performance of an AI-powered smart irrigation system integrated with solar energy in Nigeria. The system leverages AI algorithms to monitor soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and crop needs, enabling precise irrigation scheduling that conserves water while enhancing crop yield. Solar energy is utilized to power the system, ensuring its operation in off-grid rural areas and reducing energy costs. The research evaluates the effectiveness of the system in optimizing water use, improving crop productivity, and its economic viability for smallholder farmers. It also examines the barriers to adopting AI and solar technology in agriculture, including financial, technical, and infrastructural constraints. Findings indicate significant improvements in water conservation, energy efficiency, and crop yield, making this approach a promising pathway for sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. The study concludes with recommendations for policy makers, agricultural stakeholders, and technology providers on scaling up the use of AI-powered, solar-integrated irrigation systems to boost food security and enhance the resilience of Nigeria’s agricultural sector.
PROFESSIONAL USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) TOOLS IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORKERS SERVICES IN GANYE, ADAMAWA STATE-NIGERIA
In addition to increasing the efficacy, efficiency, and reach of extension services, the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in agricultural extension can provide farmers with the knowledge and resources they need to enhance their standard of living. Farmers may boost their production and make better crop decisions by using ICT to give them access to real-time weather, market pricing, and crop management information. Additionally, it can give them access to financial services like insurance and microfinance, which can help them manage risk and make investments on their farms. Additionally, ICT can increase the connectedness of researchers, extension agents, and farmers, making it easier for them to exchange knowledge and information. Additionally, it is critical to guarantee that the local community, including farmers, extension agents, and other stakeholders, owns and manages the programs. All things considered, ICT use in agricultural extension has the potential to significantly improve the efficacy and efficiency of extension services while also providing farmers with the knowledge and resources they require to raise agricultural productivity and improve their standard of living. Even with the advancements in computer technology, the administrative process continues to encounter certain issues that may point to inefficient use of ICT. As a result, there was a need for a study that could be used to determine the effectiveness of extension workers. Information analyzed in this research project was obtained from primary and secondary sources. A structured questionnaire served as the research tool for data collecting. The researcher used frequency, percentage, and descriptive statistics to assess the data that was gathered. The Adamawa State administration was advised to provide additional funding so that agricultural extension agents may receive regular computer training and become computer literate.
INFLUENCE OF GAMMA RADIATION EFFECTS ON WHEAT SEEDLING GROWTH AND GERMINATION
Seeds of wheat were exposed to different doses of gamma rays and sown in wet sands. Analysis showed that eight days after germination the seedlings growth decreases with increasing dose, very rapidly within the first 40Krads and slowly thereafter until the killing dose++ was reached about 500Krads when the shoot and the root failed to develop. Seed storage for about twenty one days after irradiation produced a greater reduction in seedling growth, and a lowering from the killing dose from about 500krads to 300krads. Soaking the seedlings in water for one hour immediately after irradiation improved the seedling growth.
EFFECT OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON PRIMATES SPECIES IN AFI MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (AMWS) CROSS RIVER
Protected areas including Wildlife Sanctuaries, are conservation spots for the conservation of many endangered wildlife species. The pattern of forest transition and Land Surface Temperature (LST) variation is significant to the safety of primate species. The study evaluates the effect of LST on primate population in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) using field survey and ArcGIS from landsat images. The LST classification and variation were performed using standard method. The result identified and revealed four primate species (Mandrillius leucophaeus, Cercopithecus erythrotis camerunensis, Cercopithecus mona and Cercopithecus nictitans). Land surface temperature of the study area showed a significant increase over the area between 1985 and 2021. A gradual increase was noticed with 2000 having 59.94% secondary low category. The medium category had the highest (32.77%) and (39.94%) coverage of temperature distribution in year 1985 and 2021, respectively. In the same vein the secondary low category had the highest (59.94%) temperature variation in year 2000. This could be due to habitat lost, fragmentation and other underlying factors. If this trend continues, it will result in a serious ecological degradation leading to the extirpation of the relics of primate population in the sanctuary. Therefore, caution is to be taken to avoid total habitat lost. The need for conservation education is required.
PRECISION AGRICULTURE SYSTEM FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION IN ABIA STATE NIGERIA
The agriculture sector in Abia State, Nigeria, faces challenges ranging from soil degradation to unpredictable weather patterns that hinder optimal crop production. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a precision agriculture system tailored to the unique agricultural landscape of Abia State. The proposed system integrates advanced technologies such as remote sensing, IoT sensors, GIS, and data analytics to enable precise decision-making in farming practices. Key components of the proposed precision agriculture system include soil testing and mapping to assess soil fertility and nutrient levels, remote sensing for monitoring crop health and environmental conditions, and IoT sensors for real-time data collection on soil moisture and temperature. Additionally, weather forecasting services provide accurate predictions to assist farmers in planning agricultural activities effectively. The system emphasizes crop monitoring and management through software solutions that track crop growth stages, detect pest and disease outbreaks, and offer timely recommendations for interventions. Precision irrigation systems, coupled with crop selection and rotation guidance, ensure optimal water usage and soil health maintenance. Training programs and extension services are essential components of the system, aiming to educate farmers about the benefits and proper utilization of precision agriculture technologies. Furthermore, market access facilitation and value addition initiatives enhance the profitability of agricultural produce, contributing to economic growth and food security in Abia State. Government support and policy frameworks play a crucial role in promoting the adoption of precision agriculture technologies, including subsidies for technology acquisition and research funding. By implementing this comprehensive precision agriculture system, Abia State can significantly enhance crop productivity, reduce input costs, and foster sustainable agricultural development in the region.
COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS ON THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN KOGI EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Climate variability, encompassing changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events, poses significant challenges for agricultural productivity in Kogi East Senatorial District, Nigeria. Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a staple crop in this region, is highly susceptible to these climatic fluctuations, which disrupt its growth cycles and reduce yields. This study examines community perceptions of climate variability's impact on cassava production, utilizing a survey of 420 respondents across the district. Results reveal that a majority (76.7%) of respondents perceive the impact of climate variability on cassava production as "high," while 23.3% rate it as "moderate," indicating broad recognition of climate-related agricultural vulnerabilities. Furthermore, 44.2% of respondents believe that local government support in providing access to drought-resistant cassava varieties would be the most effective adaptive measure, followed by 40.8% advocating for training on climate-smart agricultural practices. A smaller proportion (15%) emphasizes the need for investment in irrigation infrastructure. Additionally, all respondents (100%) identify an inadequate supply of quality cassava cuttings as a critical challenge exacerbated by climate variability, highlighting the strain on planting resources crucial for maintaining production levels. These findings suggest an urgent need for targeted local government interventions to improve access to climate-resilient cassava varieties, deliver training in adaptive agricultural practices, and enhance the supply chain for cassava cuttings to support resilient production systems amid climate fluctuations in Kogi East.
EFFECT OF PESTICIDE UTILIZATION IN SMALL-SCALE FARMING ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN PARTS OF GUINEA SAVANNA, NIGERIA
The guinea savanna region of Nigeria (Niger and Kebbi States) is an arable land where people carry out agricultural activities but on most occasion with pesticide to increase agricultural production. This practice can potentially cause water quality degradation, decrease in human health and ecological degradation in the study area. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the effect of pesticides utilization in small-scale farming on surface water quality in parts of Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. The aim of this paper is to assess the effect of pesticides in small-scale farming on surface water quality in parts of Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. The water quality analysis was done using the facilities of the Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CGEB), Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria. For water sample analysis, samples were taken from twenty points during the wet season and they were designated as sample X1, X2 X3, X4, X5 ….. X24 all within the study area for rainy season. This was done during the dry season as well but with different naming (Y1, Y2 Y3, Y4, Y5 ……Y24). Paraquat, Glyphosate, Hydrazine and Dichlorvos concentration concentration were determined using spectronic 2ID spectrophotometer (APHA, 2008). As shown in the study, surface water pollution ranked the highest with 30.4%, increased crop production ranked second with 23.4%, increased health risk ranked third with 20.3%, destruction of aquatic lives ranked fourth with 18.3% and top soil degradation ranked the least with 7.6%. This revealed that the major effect of pesticide usage on small scale farming in the study area was surface water pollution. As indicated in the study, the highest Paraquat concentration during rainy season was recorded in X3(NGW) with a value of 1.300ml and the least was recorded in X5(NGK) with a value of -2.330ml. The highest Paraquat concentration during dry season was recorded in X5(NGK) with a value of 28.131ml and the least was recorded in X2(NGW) with a value of -6.496ml. When Paraquat, Glyphosate, Copper Oxychloride and Dichlorvos concentrations of rainy season were compared with that of dry season, that of dry season has higher concentrations and reasons behind higher concentration in dry season include absent of rainfall and low runoff of water available in the small scale farms. As indicated in the study, effects of environmental spillovers of pesticides on surface water was 4.6. This revealed that the there is high toxic usage of pesticide on surface water in the study area. In conclusion, this study demonstrated urgent need for effective environmental management policies, government dedication, political wills, and collective responsibility of all stakeholders toward agrochemicals management and ensuring sustainable farming practices involving the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the area to guarantee cleaner and healthier surface water for all. It is recommended that the agriculture extension agency, environmental protection agency and other environmental stakeholders organize collaborative educational programs for farmers on the proper use, effective handling, and dangers associated with inappropriate usage of pesticides.
INTENSITY OF ADOPTION OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES IN FAKARA, NIGER
The present study, conducted in the village of Kampa Zarma, one of the fars sites of the CGIAR Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) program in Fakara, Niger, aims to assess the level of adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices. Data were collected using an individual questionnaire administered to all farmers in the village of Kampa Zarma. Analysis of the data showed that the practice of assisted natural regeneration (ANR), cropping association, home garden, half-moon, zaï and mulching were known by almost 100% of those surveyed. Knowledge of these techniques influences their use, with crop association (100%), ANR (91.8%), mulching (90.7%) and the home garden (76.6%) being the most widely adopted. This has an impact on producers' ability to determine the area of the field where the practice can be applied. This means that ANR, mulching and home gardens can be implemented by growers on all fields.
A REVIEW OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CONTROLLING NEMATODE INFEFESTATIONS IN LEAFY VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Nematode infestation on crops has been a major concern to most of the farmers. Nematode multiplies very fast thereby causing high economic loss to vegetables. There are notable symptoms of this infestation of which root gall index is the only proved to be a noticeable symptom. Cultural, biological control, soil amendment tactic, botanical pesticides, synthetic nematicides and integrated management practice are widely reported. Most of the poor resource farmers are confused on the best management practices to be adapted but use of botanical nematicides and organic soil amendment methods have been exploited most. Negative environmental effects and high cost of purchase of synthetic chemicals have been identified as the major limitations. Therefore, soil amendment and botanical pesticides approach can best be described as the most convenient tactics in the control of nematode attack especially in the organic farming system.
DETERMINANT OF THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MANURE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME AMONG ONION FARMERS IN KUDAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the effects of organic manure on the productivity and income of onion farmers in Kudan Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of onion farmers, identify the types of organic manure used, assess the effects of organic manure on income and productivity, and identify key constraints faced by farmers in using organic manure. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 200 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were male (89.5%) with a mean age of 40.76 years, and most households comprised 10-15 members. Compost manure (53%) was the most widely used organic input due to its availability and effectiveness in enhancing soil fertility. The results indicated that the use of organic manure had a positive effect on the productivity and income of onion farmers. Key socio-economic factors influencing productivity and income-included education, access to extension services where farmers received training on organic manure use, farming experience and the quantity of manure applied. For sustainability and continuous use of organic manure in Kudan LGA, the study recommends addressing key constraints, including transportation challenges, sourcing quality organic manure, and health risks related to handling organic materials. Improving access to organic inputs, enhancing transportation infrastructure, and providing targeted education and training on organic farming practices are critical. These recommendations align with recent policies promoting sustainable agriculture in Nigeria.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SCENT LEAVES (OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM) ON ESCHERICHIACOLI AND SALMONELLATYPHI
Essential oils or volatile oils from medicinal plants have potentially very strong anti microbial activities for the control of pathogenic micro organisms. Ocimum gratissimum is one of the medicinal plants which are widely used as sources of extracts with strong antibacterial and anti oxidant properties. In this study the leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was tested for its antibacterial activity against some human pathogenic bacteria (salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). Antibacterial activity test was carried out by using the agar plate diffusion method. The plants materials were dried and extracted with 90% ethanol and water. The tested extract exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against both strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the zones of inhibition. The most significant inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (22mm zone and 18mm zone) at 100mg/ml for both ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The physical properties of the extracts of Ocimum gratissimum were evaluated. The colours of the extracts were greenish and brownish for ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. Phytochemical properties of the plants were analysed and the plant was confirmed to contain alkaloids, cyanide, flavonoids, saponis, carbohydrates, tannins, oxalates and phytates.
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LOW PROTEIN DIETS FORTIFIED WITH AMINO ACIDS CRYSTAL IMPROVES LITTER QUALITY AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF FEMALE QUAILS (CORTUNIX JAPONICA)
Substantial portion of gases responsible for both natural and human made environmental hazards are from wastes emanating from livestock production units. Efforts have been made by animal nutritionists towards developing feeding regimes that will sustainably limit the release of nitrous oxides. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of decreasing dietary crude protein levels by partial replacement of soybean meal with same free amino acid profile in growing quails on litter quality and environmental impact. Two hundred female quails were randomly allotted to diets containing optimum crude protein (T1), 1% crude protein (CP) reduction (T2), 2 % CP reduction (T3) and 3% CP reduction (T4) in a completely randomized design for fifty six days feeding trial. Reducing dietary crude protein content up to 3% resulted in better litter quality (6.23) compared to the control fed birds (3.78). Similarly, 0.6 % lower dietary Crude protein content with balanced free amino acids leads to a decrease in 5% calculated dietary carbon foot print. Thus, low dietary crude protein diets especially, 3% reduction can mitigate and guarantee sustainable reduction in most oxides released during livestock production that promote environmental hazards without affecting animal performance. However, its adoption requires a multifaceted approach.
ASSESSMENT OF AMYLASE PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SELECTED SOILS WITHIN BIDA METROPOLIS NIGERIA
Amylases especially from microbial origin are one of the most significant and are widely used enzymes in industries. An attempt was made to isolate and screen fungi from soil for their potential to produce amylase. Soil samples were gotten from selected sites within Bida metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. Fungi present in the samples were enumerated and isolated using standard mycological technique. Microscopic and macroscopic techniques were used for the identification of the fungal isolates. Starch hydrolysis technique on petri plates was used to screen the fungal isolates for their potential to produce amylase. Highest fungal count was found in FDF (8.2x10¹), followed by BGF (4.1x10¹), SHB (3.7x10¹), SMK (2.5x10¹), and LGL (1.6x10¹). A total of 14 organisms were isolated with Rhizopus sp. having the highest occurrence (50%), Mucor sp. (14.3%), Trichophyton tonsurans (14.3%), Aspergillus niger (7.1%), Aspergillus flavus (7.1%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (7.1%). Out of the 14 isolates, Mucor sp.FDFB1 had the higthest potential of amylase production with an Enzyme Index (EI) of (2.71), followed by E. floccosum (2.44), while Rhizopus sp.BGFB1 had the least amylase production potential (1.11). All the fungi isolated from the soil samples had potentials for amylase production.
RESPONSE OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX L) TO PHOSPHORUS, BORON AND MOLYBDENUM APPLICATION IN A SANDY LOAM SEMI-ARID SOIL
This study aimed at evaluating the response of Soybean (Glycine Max L.) to Phosphorus, Boron and Molybdenum application in a sandy loam semi-arid soil. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replicates. The results were subjected to analysis of Variance using statistical software and treatments mean were compared at 5% probability level. Mean separation was carried out using the least significant difference method. The present experiment was conducted at screen house Department of Crop Production Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali for eight (8) weeks between July and August 2023. Soybean variety (TGX 1951) was sown in pots containing twelve (12) treatments (Control, B, Mo, B+Mo, P1, P1+B, P1+Mo, P1+B,+Mo, P2, P2+B, P2+Mo, P2+B+Mo). Observation on plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, fresh and dry matter weight were recorded. Treatments involving phosphorus and Molybdenum recorded significant effects on the parameters measured, while treatments involving Boron had the lowest effects presumably due to toxic effects of Boron on soybean plant. It could be concluded from the overall results that higher level of Boron causes possible antagonism between Boron and Molybdenum in soybean presumably due to the competition between borate and molybdate anion on the root cells resulting in low molybdenum absorption. It is therefore recommended that combine application of Phosphorus and Molybdenum should be encouraged among farmers in soybean production.
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FIELD EVALAUTION OF Carica papaya AND Anarcadium occidentale LEAVES EXTRACTS ON MAJOR INSECTPESTS OF LEAFY VEGETABLE (Amaranthus hybridus LIN)
This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Carica papaya and Anarcadium occidentale leaves extracts on the field insect pests of Amaranthus hybridus. The crude extracts were prepared with cold water while synthetic insecticide (Dichlorvos) and untreated plants were included in the treatments. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Data were collected on insect pest infestations, plant height, root weight, leaf area and leaf weight. Three major field insect pests were observed (Aspavia armigeria, Heteronychus arator and Hymerni recurvalis). The tested plant extracts exhibited insecticidal control of the observed insect pests meanwhile C. papaya significantly controlled A. armigeria and H. recurvalis compared with A. occidentales extracts. Also, the efficacy of C. papaya was comparable with Dichlorvos in the control of the observed insect pests. However, C. papaya enhanced Amaranthus growth and leaf yield better than other treatments. Therefore, plant extracts can be used in the management of field insect pests of leafy vegetables.